What is knitting definition. Knitting - what is it? What is crochet

How to knit The types of knitting are very diverse: crochet, knitting, Tunisian knitting, machine knitting. Below is a description of the two most commonly used hand knitting tools - the crochet hook and

How to make strong knots? Everything that you need to have with you in the forest can be hung on rings (Fig. 2.36), a hook, a beam or other securely fixed object using the "tricky" knots shown in Fig. 2.36. 2.37. This option of passing the rope through the ring is able to withstand

What and how can you make useful fertilizers? Whatever we use as a fertilizer, everything is good if there is no "chemistry" in the fertilizer. It is reasonable to pay attention not only to what can literally lie under your feet (cow cakes), but also to

It is impossible to name the exact date, or at least a century, when people first thought of knitting products from threads. The history of handicrafts is only a rough guide. However, a lot of interesting things can be gleaned from it. Knitting is mentioned in ancient written sources. Our article will be devoted to the curious facts that the history of knitting tells us about.

First mentions. The era of Egyptian civilization

To begin with, the emergence of knitting dates back to as early as 3000 BC. NS. In Egyptian burials they find So, in one of these burials, a curious thing was found - a small knitted shoe, obviously a child's. According to archaeologists, the age of the item is more than 4 thousand years. Another find among ancient Egyptian treasures is a sock, which is separately knitted. It is believed that this was necessary for wearing sandals, the strap of which passes between the thumb and forefinger.

An image in an Egyptian tomb from about 1900 BC. BC, we could see a woman wearing knitted socks.

The first children's stockings were found in Egypt. They were also knitted for wearing with sandals. On the basis of such findings, the researchers concluded that such a "design" of knitted stockings is characteristic of Egyptian handicrafts.

Another confirmation that the history of knitting is directly related to Ancient Egypt is a drawing found on the wall of the tomb of Amenemkhta (Beni-Hasan). The plot shows us the Semites, among whom there are four women. The clothes on women are very similar to the time of creation of this drawing, according to scientists - the 9th century BC. NS.!

Ancient knitted products are also found in a completely different part of the world, for example, in Peru. They date back to the 3rd century AD. NS. Comparing patterns and weaving methods, you can make sure that earlier knitting was highly developed among different peoples. Scientists are looking to find more evidence that ancient civilizations used knitting extensively to create clothing. The history of knitting is an interesting, researched today direction in cultural studies.

Greek sources about knitted items

About Odysseus's wife and her wedding dress

Perhaps the most interesting piece of evidence given by Felkin is the episode with Odysseus' wife.
According to the poem, Penelope held back the obsessive suitors with cunning. She promised that she would marry someone only when she weaves her wedding dress. At the same time, every night, the cunning Penelope unraveled the threads of the outfit. According to Felkin, the thing that was woven could not be unraveled and used again without damage. So Odysseus's wife knitted her wedding dress. And it is possible that then knitting needles similar to ours were in use.
The great age of the work, inaccuracies in translation lead to a distortion of the meaning of many words. So, according to the researcher of the history of knitted things, the words "knitting" and "weaving" got confused.

Mentions in Ancient Greek Legends

The myths and legend of Ancient Greece reflect not only the beliefs of civilization, but also the elements of everyday life of the Greeks. It is with this that they interested scientists, the history of knitting is supplemented from these sources with new facts.
In the host of Greek gods, Pallas Athena is special in that she gave people various crafts. She taught girls needlework. And now a girl named Arachne learned to weave (and we remember the possible real fact hidden by time behind this word) beautiful, transparent, thin canvases. The girl's heart was filled with pride in her work. She even challenged Athena herself!
The wise goddess warned Arachne, appearing to her in the form of an old woman. But that pride was strong, so she created a canvas, equal in beauty to the canvases of the goddess. Then Athena was seized with anger, and she tore the canvas and hit Arachne with the shuttle. Stung, grief-stricken, the girl decided to kill herself, but Athena herself saved her, depriving her of her human form and turning her into a spider. Since then, Arachne has been weaving her beautiful thin web.

Knitting: ancient masterpieces

In our article further we will be interested specifically in the history of knitting. In short, the appearance of knitting with metal knitting needles also cannot be attributed to a specific period. But there are facts of archaeologists about the magnificent samples found in different parts of the world when studying the life of distant civilizations of the past.

So, at the beginning of our era, the knitting technique was well developed. Knits created a long time ago were found in the Cairo area. Among these, the women's one, made in several colors with metal knitting needles, stands out.
There is an assumption that knitting came to Europe from Egypt. Copts and Egyptian Christians brought it to these territories. At first, their knitted items, taken with them on missionary trips, delighted Europeans. Then the craft took root in a new place and became commonplace.

Knitting? As easy as pie! Crafts march across Europe

Knitting has gained popularity as a way to create beautiful things. In France, already in the 13th century, it became independent, very profitable. Knitting needles were used to knit stockings, hats, gloves, and warm outerwear. It is noteworthy that in Scotland the knitted beret has become a traditional accessory.
Further, the knitting process on an industrial scale was optimized. And so in William Lee invented the knitting machine.
The fate of the invention was ambiguous: Elizabeth I did not grant a patent to the creator of the machine. The reason was that the stockings made on Lee's loom seemed to her coarser than those made of silk. William Lee's idea was appreciated in France. There he opened his knitting workshop, where things were knitted mechanically. It was much cheaper than a manual machine.
Like everything new, facilitating manual labor, the machine made a stir. However, soon people noticed: things connected by a machine are faceless, the same. Therefore, the value of hand knitting has not decreased at all, rather, on the contrary, it has increased. And now there is more interest, respect for those who took knitting needles in their hands and started creating their own things, and did not buy another scarf in the store.

A primordially masculine occupation

It is a self-evident fact that today knitting is considered an exclusively female occupation. However, at the beginning of the appearance of this craft in Europe, it was the opposite: it was men who knitted. Moreover, in the Middle Ages, Prague men (owners of hosiery businesses) fought to keep women in production. Thus, entrepreneurs fought against competition: let the people buy beautiful things, and not wear what wives and mothers will tie.
The history of knitting has had funny periods as well. Entertaining and useful handicrafts have spread widely in European countries, and the leading role has passed to women. True, men are not lagging behind. For example, in America, in 1946, a man won a knitting competition (albeit crocheting, not knitting needles). He was awarded the Honorary Golden Crochet.

Passing on mastery

Learning to knit is not difficult if you have at least a drop of perseverance. Anyone will be surprised at the pretentiousness of patterns invented over centuries of labor. But to write down how to create a particular pattern when knitting, they began only recently. The first to fix the pattern of knitting patterns were the Dutch. They also began to publish them in a periodical in 1824.
Integral systems of signs for knitting were developed by the end of the 19th century. There were two of them: American and British. The modern system by which Russian needlewomen are trained coincides with the American one. Therefore, it is not difficult to master the pattern even from a foreign magazine. The universalization of signs has made knitting easier than ever.

Summary

In our article, we walked through the significant milestones in the existence of knitting as a type of needlework. We learned that for a very long time people have been creating clothes with their own hands.
knitting beautiful patterns from yarn.

1.What is knitting?

2. History of knitting.

3.1. Types of knitting needles

3.3. Storage of spokes.

4. Yarn for knitting.

5. Basic knitting techniques.

1. Initial row of loops.

2. Front loop.

3. Purl loop.

4. Edge loop.

5. Securing the last row.

6. Garter knitting.

7. Embossed garter stitch

8. Stockinet.

9.

6. Knitting on 5 needles.

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Preview:

1.What is knitting?

2. History of knitting.

3. Knitting tools.

3.1. Types of knitting needles

3.2 Materials for making spokes

3.3. Storage of spokes.

4. Yarn for knitting.

5. Basic knitting techniques.

1. Initial row of loops.
2. Front loop.
3. Purl loop.
4. Edge loop.
5. Securing the last row.
6. Garter knitting.
7. Embossed garter stitch
8. Stockinet.
9. Hosiery from twisted loops.

6. Knitting on 5 needles.

• Design stage ……………………………………… ...
• The cost price of the product ……………………………………….
• Conclusion of the project ………………………………………… ...

Rationale for choosing a topic:

Last year, in technology lessons, I learned to knit. I really liked this lesson, and this year I decided to design some kind of knitted product.Needs that can be met through the design and manufacture of the product:

Create your own style;

Have a product.

Objective of the project:

Create and present a knitted product to your liking.

Project objectives:

1. Choosing the best idea.
2. Collection of information.
3. Paperwork.
4. Drawing up a technology for manufacturing a product.
5. Calculation of the cost of the product.
6. Execution of the technological stage.

Choosing a design idea.

Vest

Design analysis of the project.

1.What is knitting?

Knitting - the process of making products (usually items of clothing) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting).

2. History of knitting.

It will surprise many that initially knitting was actually not women's needlework. Previously, mostly men knitted - women could only spin wool.

According to some sources, knitting originated about 3000 years ago. Probably, this is due to the need for warm clothes for the inhabitants of the north, many will think. But this art did not originate in the cold, snowy Arctic, but, paradoxically, in hot Africa - approximately where the northern deserts of the continent are. The first primitive hooks were used by the ancient nomad Bedouins. They created scarves, burnuses and capes, with the help of which they protected the skin from the scorching sun and hot sand.

Knitted socks found in Coptic tombs date back to the 4th-5th centuries, the oldest (3rd century, Prato-Nazca era) knitted items of the New World were found in Peru. The high quality of workmanship of things from the graves of the Copts suggests that the knitting technique was known much earlier. In 1867, William Felkin hypothesized that knitting was known as early as the Trojan War.

Images on ancient Greek vases of captured Trojans in tight, tight-fitting trousers give reason to some researchers to assert that knitting was known to the Greeks. It is possible that the prophet Daniel depicted in the Book of Kells (c. 800) is dressed in tight pants (a prototype of modern leggings), tied with an Aranian pattern.

In Scandinavia during the Viking era, knitting with a wooden or bone needle was practiced - a more time-consuming form of creating a knitted fabric than crocheting or knitting. Knitted fabric cannot be loosened by pulling on the end of the thread. Archaeological finds of fragments of things made in this technique from England (Coppergate), Finland (Kokomaki), Germany (Mammen), Norway (Oslo), Russia (Novgorod) date back to the X-XI centuries. There are about thirty ways of knitting with a needle. During the excavations, only small items were found made using this technique (mittens, socks, headbands). The tradition of knitting with a needle continued in areas with a harsh climate until the end of the 20th century.

In central and southern Europe, the art of knitting was revived in the 13th century. Gloves and pillow cases knitted from silk threads were found in the tombs of the princes of the de la Cerda family in the Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Las Hulgas. Moreover, the density of the knitted fabric of pillowcases is comparable to the density of modern knitted fabrics for machine knitting - about twenty loops per inch.

In the 16th century, knitting of stockings was widespread in Spain, then the fashion for knitted gloves came. The first knitters' guild was established in Paris in 1527. The stocking knitting machine was invented in England by the priest William Lee in 1589.

From the middle of the eighteenth century, knitting, like many male occupations, passed into the hands of the weak half of humanity. Now to see a knitting man is a real rarity, but women are so successful in this craft that they began to consider knitting an exclusively female occupation.

3. Knitting tools.

Knitting needles- a hand knitting tool, long and usually with a slightly pointed end. On the spoke there are working (unclosed) loops of the canvas, which prevents them from unraveling. New loops are formed with the help of the sharp end.

3.1. Types of knitting needles

The needles differ in thickness, which also determines the number of the needles. The number is equal to the diameter of the needles. For example, 3mm needles will be labeled # 3.

Straight single needles – the most common type of knitting needles with one pointed end and a stop on the other. Thanks to this tip, the stitches do not slip off the knitting needle. Manufacturers often indicate the spoke number on these tips. Such knitting needles are used for knitting any kind of product, except for those that are knitted in a circle.

Straight reversible or hosiery needles- knitting needles with two working ends, used for seamless circular knitting (for example, socks). These needles are usually shorter than straight single needles and are sold in sets of 4-5. When knitting on such knitting needles, two of them are workers, the rest hold other open loops. When knitting, the loops are distributed over 4 knitting needles and knitted with the 5th knitting needle.

Circular knitting needles - a special type of straight single knitting needles, where a pair of the same number is interconnected by a flexible sling (fishing line or plastic tube). In such types, you can knit both a straight fabric and a seamless circular large diameter. The advantage of such knitting needles over straight single ones is that the weight of the knitted fabric is distributed more evenly over the knitting needles and the hands of the master are less loaded. Another plus of these knitting needles is that they have both working ends.

Secondary knitting needles– double-sided needles, curved in the middle. Used to lay open buttonholes.

Materials for making knitting needles.

Knitting needles are made from different materials - metal, plastic, wood and bamboo.

Each needlewoman chooses knitting needles according to her taste, but nevertheless, when buying, you need to know some of the features of tools from a particular material.

Metal knitting needles – are made mainly of steel or aluminum. The most reliable tools are made of steel, but they are heavier than their aluminum counterparts. But at the same time, aluminum knitting needles can easily bend and stain the yarn when knitting. To avoid the latter, many aluminum spokes are coated with Teflon.

Plastic knitting needles – will help with thick, light yarns, but they are very fragile. These knitting needles are very convenient for working with ribbon yarn or cord. These needles are often produced in large numbers.

Wooden knitting needles - very light, but may develop burrs over time. The loops are non-slip on the knitting needles making them attractive for beginner knitters.

Bamboo knitting needles- lightweight and durable. Due to the fact that they are a little rough, the work hinges do not slip off them. Suitable for any kind of yarn.

Bone - the tools are made by hand, so they are not cheap. They are well polished, but very fragile. Therefore, they must be carefully stored and used..

3.3. Storage of spokes.

It is better to store knitting needles in a long pencil case or a special stockbook. It is advisable to connect single knitting needles from one set together so as not to get confused. You can tie them with a thread or elastic band, you can cut off a piece of eraser and stick the sharp ends of the knitting needles into it. Circular knitting needles are recommended to be kept suspended in order to avoid deformation of the sling.

4. Yarn for knitting.

It exists today in a huge variety. In order not to get lost in this variety and choose threads for knitting that correspond to the set goal, you need to know what kind of yarn for knitting is and to create what things this or that type is used.
Knitting threads are divided into natural (linen, cotton, wool, mohair, silk) and synthetic (acrylic, viscose, rayon, cashmere).However, most often yarn for knitting is a combination of artificial and natural fibers, selected in appropriate proportions.
Knitting threads (yarn, etc.) are obtained by twisting several threads together with the same or different tension (weak, less than sewing threads), simple or shaped twist. There is also untwisted yarn - roving.
For knitting warm winter clothes, as a rule, thicker yarn is used for knitting - it can be wool, mohair, alpaca. Naturally, yarn with a minimum content of synthetics, containing valuable threads (angora, natural cashmere, silk) is more expensive, but also more attractive and durable in the product.
In crocheting, cotton threads are most often used for knitting, Their smooth texture and attractive shine allow you to create original things and toys that are easy to wash and retain their original appearance.
Knitting threads can have different textures and thicknesses, which determine the final properties of the knitted thing, therefore, before starting needlework, you should make sure that the selected knitting threads are suitable for a specific model.

5. Basic knitting techniques.

5.1. Initial row of loops.

Any knitting begins with a set of a certain number of knitting needlesloops that form the initial row. It then becomes the bottom edge of the knit.

5.2. Front loopcan be knitted in two ways: The first way is classic, behind the front the wall. The second way is knitting the front loop for the back the wall.

5.3. Purl loop you can also knit the first and second spoons with bami.

5.4 .. Edge buttonhole

These loops can be knitted in two ways. The most common is when the first loop is removed without knitting it, while the last one is necessarily knitted with the purl. The second method is to knit an edge loop at the end of the fabric with a front loop. In the first case, the edge of the canvas turns out to be even, in the second, nodules are visible at the edges.

5.4. Securing the last row.

Since any knitting ends, you need to learn how to close the loops of the last row and get the top edge of the knitted fabric. They do it in different ways:

The first way. The extreme and subsequent loops are knitted together with the front one.

Second way. The extreme loop is reshomed onto the right knitting needle, not tied, the first loop is knitted with a front loop (classic).

5.6. Garter knitting

This is a very simple pattern - the fabric is knitted with one front loops. The originality of the thing is given by the use of various colors and their combinations.

5.7. Embossed garter stitch

Making a pattern with such a viscous pattern will also not be difficult. It is very similar to a shawl one with the only difference that all rows are made with front loops, knitted behind the back wall.

5 .8. Stockinet

Another name for this knitting is "jersey" (in honor of the island of Jersey, where women have been knitting clothes for their husbands for a long time). The pattern is carried out as follows: odd rows are knitted with front loops, and even rows with purl.

5.9. Twisted-loop hosiery

The difference between knitting from the previous one is that the canvas has a relief surface. All front loops are knitted on the front wall, purl loops are performed in the usual way.

6. Knitting on five needles.

Products such as socks, tights, knitted toys and much more are tubular and made without seams. How to knit such products? To do this, use five knitting needles with open ends: loops are located on four, and they are knitted on the fifth. Putting two knitting needles together, dial the required number of loops (a multiple of four), take out one knitting needle and knit one row with the selected stitch. Then they distribute the loops equally on four knitting needles, tie the end of the thread from the beginning of knitting with the thread from the ball - close the work - and knit along the outside of the circle clockwise. In this case, it should be remembered that the front side of knitting is always in front of you and to obtain, for example, stocking knitting, it is enough to knit all the loops in all rows with the front knitting.

Design stage.

1. For work it is used:

• Circular knitting needles # 4, 5.
• Yarn for hand knitting 400g.

2. Density of knitting.

10 cm. - 21p.

3. Patterns.

Elastic band 2 * 2 : Knit alternately 2 lice, 2 purl. Purl knit according to the pattern.

Work description.

Back.

Dial 46p. and knit with an elastic band 2 * 2. At a total height of 22cm. close all loops according to the pattern and finish knitting.

Band.

Cast on 58 sts and knit with elastic 2 * 2. At a total height of 158 cm, close all loops according to the pattern and finish knitting.

Assembly.

Sew the strip to the back, connecting the letters A and B. Then cross the ends and sew the short sides to the side edges of the back, respectively connecting the letters (see figure).

Moisten the finished product and let it dry.

The cost of the product.

Knitting needles - 50 rubles.

Yarn 2 skeins - 240 rubles.

Conclusion of the project.

Creative project

by technology

Knitting».